1.2a.
This phosphoric acid process is produced by the wet process.1 Starting from the feed, sulfuric acid is reacted with phosphate rock in a dehydration reaction that forms calcium sulfate. After than, insoluble content needs to be separated by the the filtration system. Some of the phosphoric acid is recycled back to the reactor to get higher concentration. After filtration, the precipitate is send to the settler that extracts some of the phosphoric acid into the evaporator.
The rest of the content in the settler is recycled back into the dehydration reactor and into another stream of phosphoric acid that contains about 0 to 15% of solids.The source that is used to obtain the information about producing phosphoric acid is a from company called Guichon. It is a company that focused on providing products on design and manufacturing for industries in petrochemical, chemical, fine chemical pharmaceutical, and nuclear.
1 Therefore, the information they provided on the producing of phosphoric acid should be somewhat reliable. However, since it is not a scholarly source like a journal, the procedure learned from the website should be taken with caution. In order to ensure the procedure is accurate, more research should be done in the future to ensure that the information obtained is valid.2b.
The block diagram produced a generalized step needed to produce insulin. Seeding are necessary for the production of insulin. It could be on bacteria or yeast system. When the seeding step is completed, the bacteria or yeast system is fermented until the system has multiplied.
These cells are then taken out of the tank to be extracted for their DNA. The extracted DNA are filtered through the microfiltration system to separate cell components by size and density. The optional purification by chromatography and TFF is carried out especially for the bacteria system.2 It ensures that the bacteria’s proteins are not mixed in with the insulin. After that, enzymatic cleavage are performed to transform proinsulin into mature insulin.
LPLC and RP-HPLC are known as the low pressure liquid chromatography and Reverse phase – high pressure liquid chromatography.2 They are used for polishing.2 Lastly, the insulin are form through crystallization.References: 1 Gahtan, Solomon, et al. “Biopharmax Insulin Plant in China: Engineering a Facility .
” BioProcess International, 15 Mar. 2016, www.bioprocessintl.com/manufacturing/facility-design-engineering/insulin-in-demand-engineering-a-facility-to-serve-local-and-international-markets/.2 Lazonby, J. (n.d.
). Phosphoric Acid. Retrieved January 24, 2018, from http://guichon-valves.com/faqs/phosphoric-acid-manufacturing-process-for-phosphoric-acid/
