1. There are great number of molecules of herbal plants whichare used as medicines since ancient time. Among these silymarin an extract ofsilybum marianum has great benefits.
Silybum marianum or milk thistle plant hasmedicinal biological effect. In Bible milk thistle is called “Lebanon cardus”.Extract of silybum marianum is called silymarin. Silymarin consists of 7 flavonogligans and aflavonoid . The major component of of silymarin is silybin about 70%. It hasantioxidant and anti-inflammatory powerwhich reduce free radicals. Silymarin is used in different liver diseases suchas cirrhosis and chronic liver diseases. virus damage liver and produce freeradicals and cause infalammation Silymarin reduce the liver damage due to itsantioxidant and ani-infalammatory power and helps immune system to workproperly and overcome virus damage.
Intravenous adminstration of silymarin reduce the hepatitusc virus infection. Silybin turn off pro-inflammatory signals which is due tothe activation of nuclear factor- Kb. Ferenci et al demonstrated that viralreplication is inhibited by silybin hence it disturb life cycle of HCV. Itinhibit RNA polymerase function of HCV . silymarin blocks entry the entry ofHCV and fusion of HCV with liposomes. Silymarin has great role in alcohlic andnon alcohlic liver dseases. Excessive use of alcohol damage liver.
Alcoholabuses cause other liver damage such as HCV. Alcohol liver damage alternate theredox reactions of body because of alcohol metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenaseand aldehyde dehydrogenase reduce the NAD/NADH ratio which reduce themitochondrial capacity to metabolize lipids. Secondary metabolites of ethanolmetabolism cause oxidative stress and high quantity of lipds leads lipidlypoperoxidation.Then mitochondrial membrane function lost and consequentlydeath of cell occur. Silybin phosphatidylcholine complex has great role inprotecting the cell. It increase the vitality of cell.
It reduce the oxidativestress and lipid per oxidaton measured by Malonaldehyde (oxidative marker). Songet al demonstrated the effect of silybin on induced damaged lver of mice . theytook mice and give ethanol according to their body weight after every 12 hours. alcohol increase their value of ALT . administration of silybin to mice decreasethe value of damage liver mice to normal range. Another study on mice highlightthe role of silybin on damage liver . 250mg/kg silymarine given to mice,silymarine reduce the value of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ,superoxide dismutase and catalase.
Non alcohlic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is adsease n which lipid is accumulated in hepatocytes. NAFLD is a commonexponantional increased disease in westren countries . NAFLD is the second mostcommon reason of liver transplantation. NAFLD is a complex systemic syndrome inwhich on set insulin resistence occur. Different experiments have conducted todemonstrate the effect of silymarine onNAFLD . silymarin may be insulin sensitizer.
Silybin has an important role indecreas the fat in liver by activation of lipolysis in liver . a group of micewas taken and high fat diet was given with silymarin . silymarin activate thelipolysis and control the fat value in mice . cirrohsis and hepatocellularcarcinoma are the end stage of liver . silymarin has great medicinal role inthese disease as it decrease the oxidative stress. 13.2.
Liveris a largest internal organ of body and performs important physiologicfunctions of body. Liver detoxify harmful drug and any substance which sdangerous for our body. When Fat deposit in liver cells (hepatocytes) of thosepatients which have no history of drinking of alcohol then it is called non-alcohlic fatty liver disease NAFLD.It is a chronic liver disease which leads to serious diorders of liver . NAFLDincrease 90% ALT than other biomarkers of liver function . In Asia NAFLDdisease is spreading very fast. There are 5-30 % people suffer from this diseasein Asia. NAFLD is a serious step to steatohepatitis, cirrohosis andhepatocarcinoma.
Patients having high level of ALT with non-alcohlicsteatohepatitis are at risk of cirrohosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cichorium intybus belongs to composte family. Cichorium intybus plant is a great medicinalplant used since ancient times . whole body parts of the plant used asmedicinal drug .among these parts root has great biological effect. It hasantioxidant power and help to detoxify free radicals.
A clinical trial was conducted on 61 patients of 18 to 70 years in TPMclinic and daro shfaya imam mujtaba in Iran. Shahid Beheshti university ofmedical science approved this protocol of this study. Plants roots of cichoriumintybus was taken from herbal store andwashed with water and dried . Then extract of plant roots prepared with wateras solvent. Extract of plant was concentrated and form dried powder and fill incapsule .
The placbo contains corn starch was also prepared. Two capsules wasadministred to NAFLD patients for two months before 30 minutes of breakfast .The corn starch was also given toplacebo groups. The patients tests TG, FBS , HDL, LDL, ALT, IGT and AST wastaken before and after drugs administration.
The reports was obtained fromthese tests in labortary and arranged it in table form . With the help of SPSSsoftware two tests t-test and chi square was applied on data . After treatmentof drugs value of ALT reduced as compared to baseline p=0.03 and value of ASTreduced as compared to baseline p=0.04 . the mean value of ALT before treatmentis 77.6 and after treatment mean value is 62.
3 hence it decreased the value ofALT. The mean value of AST before treatment is 45.4 and after treatment withcichorium intybus is 39.2 hence it decreased the value of AST. So it is provedfrom above expermental study that extract of cichorium intybus play importanteffective role in non alcohlic fattyliver disease and nonalcohlic steatohepatitis .
There was no side effects seenin drug treatment and placebo groups. 18.3. The current study was conducted todecribe the important biological or medicinal effects of cichorium intybuscommonly known as kaasani. Kaasani leaves and seeds are very imprtant fordamaged liver. Kaasani or cichorium intybus act as antoxidant for freeradicals. The current study was based on experiments on rats . nitrosaminescomounds are used to damage liver .
These copmpounds produce free radicals ,reactive oxygen species and cause lipid per oxidation which result in seriousdisorders of liver . liver almost face all ingested envoirnmetal toxinsand drugs which weak liver andultimately leads to serious disorders of liver such as hepatitis andcirrohosis. When these drugs taken orally , they suffiently increase the nitrosable amines instomach. these compounds cause different disorders such as carcinogensis,heaptotoxity , endocrine disturbance, reproductive function impairment andimpairment of immune system etc. All drugs were purchased from s.
a.e Mataria-Cairo-Egypt. These drugschlorpromazine C17 H19ClN2S and amine hydrochlorides were in pure form.
Kaasani plant obtained from a rural place and cleanedand washed with water and dried in hotair . The dried plant convert into powederd form . The powedered form of plantstored to mix with diet.
Sodium nitriteand chlorpromazine was given orally to experimental animals. Twenty four malerats weightng 150-180 gram were used in experiment. These rats were takenfrom Helwan anmal form Egypt. National institutes of health guide the protocolto conduct the experment.
All the rats were kept in their standard conditioni.e temperature 22 – 25 c , 12 hours light dark cycle and well vantilatd cages.The standard diet of rats ground corn, ground beans, bran, corn oil, casien ,mineralmixture and vitamin mixture fed with water. Twenty four animals were dividedinto 4 groups. Group 1 kept as control group in standard condition, group 2 fedwith chicory supplemented , group 3 received nitrosamine precursor andchlorpromazine orally and group 4 received both drugs nitrosamine &chlorpromazine and chicory supplemented diet. These animals were kept under experiment for two months. After twomonths blood collected from jugular vein and stored in tube according to laboratoryparameters for further assessment. From serum and liver tissue followingparameters i.
e total lipids, total chloestrol, serum total pr otein , totalbilirunin, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), andalkaline phosphatase ( ALP), lipid per oxidation glutathione content,glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase ( SOD) and catalase. With the help of SPSS program (Statical pucteage for social science) ANOVA and student t test applied on data.Statistical significance value was kept p < 0.05 . data was in the form of meansand percentage values changes. It was concluded from above experimental studynitrosamines increased the hepatic TBARS and liver proflie I,e ALT, AST and ASP. it also increased chloestrol level , serum level and total lipid. Chicorysupplemented diet helped to control ALT , AST, ASP , chloestrol , TBARS , serumlevel and total lipids.
The control value of TBARS was 47.6 +_ 0.14,with chicory 36.
4+_0.25 , with drugs Nitrosamine & chlorpromazinen was 92.5+_0.13 and when chicory plus NaNO2 & CP was given then value 69.4 +_0.
26was obtained . hence chicory decreased TBARS value . the control value of AST was 34.1+_2.41, whenthe drugs applied value was 52.
4+_2.61 and when chicory plus these drugstogether applied then AST value remained closed to normal I,e is 37.1+_1.21.similarly it also controlled other liver profile.
From above discussion it wasconcluded that chicory plants helped to work liver properly. 6. 4. Diabiteis mellitus type 2 isincreasing very fast in modern era . at early age many risk factors such aschroniic depression, stress, poisons,obesity , sedentary life style and over nutrition may are the causes of diabities mellitus. Drugs which areused in cure of diabites mellitus may behave side effects so scientist has tendency to seek additonial remedy . manyplants have capiabilty to reduce the sugar level in blood. Among these plantscichorium intybus commonly known askaasani has medicinal effects for diabities mellitus.
Ethanolic extract wasreported to decrease the activity of hepatic glucose 6 phosphatase andincreased the insulin level by stimulatng the beta cells of pancreas. Thepresent study was conducted to decribe the medicinal effects of chicory plantson early and late stage diabeties. With the help of Dr Amin chicory seeds werepurchased from a famous bazaar of Tehran, Iran. Citrate buffer and otherchemicals were acquired from Fluka (USA).
Chicory seeds were washed and cleanedwith tap water and dried under shade then ground into powder. In every oneliter of distilled water 200 grams powder of chicory seeds dissloved and boiled to make solution. Filterthe solution after cooling it with watman filter no 1 . then filtrate ( crudeextract) was stored at -20 c. theexperiment was performed at albino rats of 9 old weeks , weighing 200-250 gram. all the animals were kept at their standard conditons i.e twelve hours lightcycle and temperture 22+_2 c. Rats were divided into 3 groups ; one controlgroup , 2nd group of late stage diabeties and 3rd groupof early stage diabiteis.
STZ was given to induce late stage diabites . forinduction of early stage diabiteis an additional chemical with STZ , NIA (niacinamide) was used .according to themodified Masiello method sodium citrate buffer was used to preparefresh injection of NIA nad STZ .
drugs were injected intraperitoneaaly intobody . after four days of injection signs and symptoms of diabiteis wereapperaed such as polyuria and restlessness whch further confirmed by FBSmeasurement. Alll the the protocol was approved by Tehran university of medicalsciences Review board. Diabetic ratswere assigned with crude extract of chicory injection . this treatment was lasted for 28 days . after 28days of treatment blood sampales were collected by sacrificing the rats . bloodsampales were collectd from heart.
Bloodsampals blood fasting sugar, fastingserum enzymes activities , TG, ALT, TC , AST and total protein concentrationswere analyzed in Pathalogy lab ofShariati hospital using RANDOX, UK kit and Rat insulin ELISA kit (MercodiaSwedan). Control fasting blood sugar (FBS) value is around 77.7+_6.
6 , withchicory control 77.1 +_ 3.0, with NIA/STZ 159.
2+_7.6, with chicory –NIA/STZ110.4 +_8.5 with STZ 416.5+_33.0 and with chicory-STZ 361+_86.
1. similarlychicory helped to control other factors such as ALT, AST, TG, TC and totalprotein values. The result of this study that chicory helped to control earlyand late stage diabites. 17.