network. normal flow of messages creating a virtual
network. While passive attacks aremainly due to lack of cooperation with the purpose of saving energy selfishly.Nodes that perform active attacks with the aim of damaging other nodes by causingnetwork outage are considered as malicious while nodes that make passiveattacks with the aim of saving battery life for their own communications are consideredto be selfish. 4.1 WormholeAttacksWormhole attack is also called astunnelling attack. A tunnelling attack is where two or more nodes may collaborateto encapsulate and exchange messages between them along existing data routes. This exploitation gives the opportunity to a node or nodes to short-circuit thenormal flow of messages […]